Vocabulary for your exam Reading Explorer 4

Withdraw  - retirar
collapse - colapsar, derrumbar
prejudice- prejuiciar
abolish - abolir
intriguing - misterioso
metorite - meteorito
prudent - prudente
foundation- fundación
unleash - desatar, liberar
crater - cráter
collide - colisionar, chocar
astronomer - astrónimo
coherent - coherente, lógico
diameter - diámetro
subterranean - subterráneo
spectacular - espectacular
dilemma - dilema
drawback  - revés, un contratiempo

Vocabulary for your exam Reading Explorer I

READING EXPORER 1

Bacteria,
cell,
weigh
harmful
nose(s)
health
sick
develop
staphylococcus aureus
it can cause health problems
the good kind
probiotic remedies
to keep healthy bacteria in the body
sneezing
germs
dripping
leaky
tiny
huge
unlike
balance
cure
deadly
warning
swallow

Grammar Review FIRST

Relative clauses: defining and non-defining

de English Grammar Today

 

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.

We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.):

They’re the people who want to buy our house.

Here are some cells which have been affected.

They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most.

[talking about an actress]

She’s now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.

Spoken English:

In defining relative clauses we often use that instead of who, whom or which. This is very common in informal speaking:

They’re the people that want to buy our house.

Here are some cells that have been affected.

See also:

• Relative pronouns

Subject or object

The relative pronoun can define the subject or the object of the verb:

They’re the people who/that bought our house. (The people bought our house. The people is the subject.)

They’re the people who/that she met at Jon’s party. (She met the people. The people is the object.)

Here are some cells which/that show abnormality. (Some cells show abnormality. Some cells is the subject.)

Here are some cells which/that the researcher has identified. (The researcher has identified some cells. Some cells is the object.)

No relative pronoun

We often leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the verb:

They’re the people she met at Jon’s party.

Here are some cells the researcher has identified.

See also:

• No relative pronoun

Punctuation

Warning:

In writing, we don’t use commas in defining relative clauses:

This is a man who takes his responsibilities seriously.

Not: This is a man, who takes his responsibilities seriously.

Grammar Review PET

PET

according to what we checked today, here you are a list of verbs followed by infinitive or gerund